A Review of Tariffs and Services for Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles in Europe

Smart charging of electric vehicles (EVs) is an essential approach to reduce the costs and maximise benefits increasing numbers EVs being connected power grid. This article analyses 139 tariffs services for smart EV available in Europe. It finds that while market growing, there a lack consumer information on savings broader environmental it offers, such as integration renewables. Offers are also unevenly distributed across continent, resulting unequal access charging. The outlines six strategies establish framework conditions energy markets would address these gaps standard means charging, ensure beneficial into grids.